printmaking
woodcut> intaglio> color lithography> technology huge impact on poster art
color litho- all printing and non-printing layers are at same level (unlike relief and intaglio); based on repellence of oil & water
litho invented 1798, almost immediate attempts to use color by running plate for each color, registration made difficult
peak usage between affordable production cost 1880’s to availability of photography in beginning of 20th cent.
University of Delaware Library, Special Collections
http://www.lib.udel.edu/ud/spec/exhibits/color/lithogr.htm
last modified 5/5/09
American posters- highly collectable since posters were being produced- limited ed. poster books “The Modern Poster” (1895) 1000 editioned, reinforced craze
American posters publicized books; posters began outselling books they were advertising> no longer produced
Read the Sun poster (for the Sun Newspaper) Louis J. Read
poster parties
advertised bicycles, food and wine, cafes and restaurants, cabaret and circus
many talented women poster artists in golden age of poster, but male dominated artform bc of women’s position in society at time
Ethel Reed, Florence Lundborg, Evelyn Rumsey Cary
sexist essay about Ethel Reed in The Poster November, 1898 “women have no orginiality of thought, and that literature and music have no feminine character, but surely women know how to observe, and what they se is quite different from that which men see, and the art which they put in their gestures in their dresses, in the decoration of their environment, is sufficient to give us the idea of an instinctive and peculiar genius which each of them possesses
coincided with rising popularity of magazines- The Century, Scriber’s, Harper’s Weekly
Maxfield Parish, Edward Penfield
Point of View-
consistent theme throughout poster illustration is the use of poster to advertise book, music, theater, lifestyle media. Embraced by middle class bc both were available and affordable to them in large quantity. More disposable income for leisure activities like reading and theater-going. Posters had low production costs, which made mass production possible. Paris poster artists of late 19th century took the gallery from the Academie to the streets with large scale, colorful reproductions widely available and free. People could collect beautiful imagery like never before.
Rebelled against Academie- seedy subject matter vs. classical painting subjects
reproducible image w print material vs. one-of-a-kind painting with traditional material
public, middle-class audience; wide exposure vs. Academie, art-critic, & high art inner circle; exclusive exposure
flat imagery, simplified line, bold color, abstract/modified shape vs. traditional painting techniques (form, perspective, local color usage, composition)
incorporation of text w/ imagery vs. no text
Cafe life- Toulouse-Lautrec, Vincent Van Gogh, : all contemporaries of eachother, hung out in cafes and created art (alternative to formal Academie)
drew eachother> they appear in eachother’s work
P.O.V.- Toulouse-Lautrec & Cafe Life
Went out into world he fit into bc of his situation (aristocrat+handicapped> underground cabaret & cafe scene)
prostitutes & brothels- only relationships he had, respected them & depicted their life> prostitution in 1890’s was at its peak; common stage in woman’s life to be prostitute at time & place
captured his surroundings & contributed to thriving theater scene bc of illustrations; fueled image of bruant, avril, etc
immersed in culture, observed, depicted, and propelled his scene
TL an example being where and as you are supposed to be at the right time- artists fate
technology, social changes
filters through which you look at through topic
poster emulates, epitomizes era- social issues, there whether you like it or not; documenting history- very time
>propaganda- war posters
>entertainment- music, lifestyle, theater
pierre bonnard
GROVE ART ONLINE
Poster.
The origins of the poster can be traced back to the early playbills and other typographical announcements that were pasted on walls indiscriminately to attract the public’s attention.
used thick and varied lettering creatively> visual impact
mall French handbill of 1800 with illustration and lettering advertising Bonne Bièrre de Mars (see Abdy, p. 6) may be regarded as one of the forerunners of the poster
large-scale signboards that appear in a print of 1721 of St Bartholomew’s Fair, London (London, Guildhall), also anticipate modern street advertising
1761 an edict issued in France by Louis XV ordered that similar boards should be fixed to walls for safety, thus in a sense creating the billboard
directly from lithographic designs in journals and magazines executed by professional illustrators
France, from 1834, Paul Gavarni worked for the periodical Le Charivari producing a number of lively, popular illustrations that attracted the notice of artists and public alike
J.-J. Grandville Les Metamorphoses du jour (Paris, 1829)>antecedent of much of the Surrealist-inspired poster art of the 1930s and 1950s; Grandville’s use of bizarre humour was an early contribution to the content and imagery of popular posters in the 19th century, where word-play and whimsy were frequent factors
Edouard Manet, however, who produced the most quoted link between the book-page advertisement and the broad style of poster imagery with his poster for the illustrated edition of Champfleury’s Les Chats (1868; New York, MOMA) The design incorporates typography with a small lithographed illustration of cats on a rooftop, executed in flat, simplified shapes derived from Japanese print
influence of prints become source for Art Nouveau
Lautrec’s slightly disturbing but original style earned him the reputation of being probably the best-known poster artist of all time. An important aspect of his contribution to the history of the poster was his reduction of form to flat, simple pattern in a small range of strong colours, making the designs powerful enough to withstand reproduction on cheap paper and to be highly memorable
by 1890’s Art Nouveau became element of posters> Eugene Grasset Salon des Cent: Exposition (1894; New York, MOMA) – depicts girl’s head & hand holding a flower, heavy outline (reminiscent of stained glass; Alphonse Mucha of Bohemia, decorative, all posters for Sarah Bernhardt + her costumes & decor for productions
American- economic woodblock, huge scale; cruder in concept than contemporary european posters. Grasset visited & influenced US style> Edward Penfield– Harper’s & Collier’s; The Chap Book Thanksgiving Number one of most popular posters
Fred Walker wood-engraved, b&w poster 1871 for The Woman in White (New York, MOMA)
“Beggarstaff Brothers”- William Nicholson & James Pryde– limited ed. woodcut & lithography posters, flat colours & massed forms, Girl on a Sofa- reproduced in German magazine 1914, interest to designers in Germany; Tom Purvis (1920’s & 30’s)
Britain- mostly concerned w humorous versions of the best work in Paris; John Hassall (1868-1948) Dudley Hardy
In Belgium there were a number of artists who designed original posters. They included Henri Meunier (1873–1922), Victor Mignot (1872–1944) and Privat-Livemont (1861–1936). Although their styles were highly individual, there is a common element of accurate draughtsmanship linked to ideas derived from the Symbolist movement that distinguishes work in both Belgium and the Netherlands from much of the work in Paris.
Leonetto Capiello, an artist of Italian origin who worked in Paris, brought a new concept to poster design relying on a single motif placed against a plain background, for example in his Chocolat Klaus (1903)
Among the many other German artists who produced outstanding posters were Julius Klinger (1876–1950), Paul Scheurich (1883–1945), Julius Gipkens (b 1883), Peter Behrens and Hans Rudi Erdt (1883–1918).
During World War I posters were produced by the countries involved not only for recruitment or for soliciting support for War Loans but also for protest. Käthe Kollwitz in Germany and Jules Abel Faivre (1867–1945) in France; Alfred Leete (1882–1933) in England and Montgomery Flagg (1877–1960) in the USA; Howard Chandler Christy (1873–1952)
P.O.V.> Propaganda Art
Immediacy of imagery with straightforward text effectively influences mass culture’s opinion (supporting or against); wide exposure possible bc of low production costs; also large scale overwhelms a viewer, aggressive gesture (pointing finger of dominating figure, Uncle Sam)- more susceptible to message
(Grove Art cont’d)
use of photography shifted the emphasis from the hand-drawn imagery and lettering of the painter–printmaker to the sophisticated graphic language of the designer; Cubism easily assimilated by designers
Art Deco in French poster design– decorative treatment of images and angular patterns; Georges Lepape (1887-1971) fashion posters
images memorable underlines the importance of the poster in its position midway between art and the market place
In between wars; Travel Posters: McKnight Kauffer – best work between wars; travel posters encouraged urban traveller to leave city & served to decorate tunnels and passages; Railway companies & shipping lines in Britain- extensive patronage of work of these and other poster artists
in Switzerland, where Otto Baumberger (1889–1961) and Niklaus Stoecklin (1896–1982), together with Max Bill (e.g. poster for Olympic Games, Munich, 1972; London, V&A), were among those who fused formal, abstracted elements and typography into precise designs, heralding the rise of the professional graphic designer
Posters 1940-1964
During World War II poster designers were forced to compete with cinema and the radio as a means of spreading propaganda. However, the development of photography and photomontage over the previous decades had given new shape to poster design
The extent to which posters were used during wartime proved their unsurpassed value as instruments of direct and powerful communication.
Consumer and travel posters were replaced by instructional posters that urged the public to conserve energy, grow more food or guard the terrain and the secrets of the respective countries. Posters made under the Nazis depicted Nazi leaders and policies in a favourable light to the inhabitants of the occupied countries; here the message was often more significant than the merit of the design.
Jean Carlu used his skill with simplified forms in America’s Answer—Production (1941; New York, MOMA)
In the USSR, among a prolific output of propaganda posters, the work of the Kukryniksy group—Mikail Kupriyanov, Porfiry Krylov and Nikolai Sokolov—added to the stirring character of Soviet poster design
In 1944 Paul Colin celebrated the re-emergence of France with a dramatic painting that was issued as a poster entitled Libération, with the personified image of France standing this time not among the barricades (as in Revolutionary times) but among her ruined cities.
20 years following the end of World War II, several factors affected poster design throughout the world
international approach to design developed-Many European designers had moved to the USA, where the rise of a professional advertising body created a market for designers’ work
style- Cubist & Bauhaus theory gave way to Surrealism; humour sought in advertising after stress of war
Swiss magazine Graphis– focal point for GD world
Donald Brun (b 1909), Swiss, Gauloises (1965; priv. col., see Barnicoat, p. 114) – sharp, geometric forms and strong, clear colours, printed immaculately against a black ground
Raymond Savignac (b 1907) and Herbert Leupin (b 1916) both exploited an element of comedy in their posters
From 1965
1965 the University of California at Berkeley became the focus of the psychedelic posters of the hippy movement; these graphics of protest, which were an affirmation of a new youthful lifestyle, coincided with an exhibition of Jugendstil and Expressionist posters at Berkeley
Victor Moscoso’s Young Bloods (1967), Bob Masse’s Kitsilano Theatre, Vancouver (1968) or Robert McClay’s Funky Features (1968) and Bob Schnepf’s Avalon Ballroom (1967)
Michael English (b 1939) (British)
new ideas that challenged the established standards of poster design:
rise of the Polish cinema and theatre poster- violent and brilliantly inventive imagery, executed in bright colours- Jan Lenica’s (b 1928) poster Wozzeck (1964; see Barnicoat, pl. 235); Waldemar Swierzy (b 1931); Franciszek Starowieyski (b 1930) made use of dramatic Surrealist imagery
Cuba- revolution inspired a forceful series of poster designs by various artists who worked for the new government through official agencies; political & cinematic; Raúl Martínez and Antonio Pérez González
Push-pin had influential role in the professional world of graphic design in the 1960s and early 1970; reintroduced a hand-drawn appearance to posters, which leant towards quotation and parody (e.g. Seymour Chwast, End Bad Breath, 1967; Seymour Chwast/Pushpin Lubalin Peckolick priv. col., see 1984–5 exh. cat., pl. 187).
The poster Dylan (1967; London, V&A) by Glaser shows a portrait of the singer Bob Dylan in silhouette with his hair depicted as a tangled mass of bright colours
many Push Pin designs inspired by Surrealism, but other imagery too
1970’s & 80’s- poster design was consolidation of what was recently avante-garde and experimental
Poster Art Heavy Hitters:
*Milton Glaser
*James McMullan
Poster Illustration 